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With the continuing advancement of the peer to peer file sharing protocols and clients, there was a new need for anonymity in the peer to peer networks. It is on these ideals that brought forth the third generation peer to peer file sharing protocols. The anonymous peer to peer networks! By default these new protocols give pseudonyms to the clients connected to the network which allows for the free flow of information regardless of their legality without the repercussions associated with the data sharing.
As the years go by, more and more governments and copyright authorities have been hounding the users on various peer to peer networks in an attempt to get some type of retribution for the losses associated with sharing copyrighted data. Many of these organizations including the British Phonographic Industry along with the Recording Industry Association of America have managed to bring legal action against peer to peer network users who have utilized a form of peer to peer client that doe not support an anonymous connection.
By using the pseudonyms, one user cannot directly tell who another user is, nor can they distinguish the other party’s IP Address as it is converted into a name to represent that user. Since there is no identifiable information, this for of anonymous file transfer can put a halt to the tracking of downloaders.
Due to the fact that many peer to peer networks do not allow a direct connection from peer to peer but rather all connections are routed through another one, there is no sure way to determine if one user is requesting the data for itself, or for another node in the network.
Even government organizations have funded as well as supported the development of many anonymous tools in order to assist with intelligence gathering without the mole’s worry of repercussion of being found out since it cannot be easily tracked.
There are many pros as well as cons to the allowance of anonymous peer to peer file sharing. While many may like it in order to share copyrighted data, those same people may have problems with certain types of pornographic material that can be transferred using it. There has also been speculation that the anonymous peer to peer networks have also aided in the sharing of terrorist activities and information by using a predetermined set of searchable keywords. There is also a small portion of users who only utilize the peer to peer file sharing for legal issues and not the sharing of copy righted or illegal information and data, albeit small.
Regardless as to the intentions of the various users on the many peer to peer file sharing networks, the file sharing community continues to grow without any hesitation. As each new generation enters into the technological age, many new users will be joining the file sharing community.
As long as there is information to be shared, whether legal or illegal, the peer to peer file sharing networks will continue to grow and advance to overcome any obstacle in their way.
When speaking about bit torrent networks, one of the most critical points of the entire file sharing network, is that of the tracker. Regardless as to the fact that the tracker file is utilizing a hash or an HTPP tracking method, the results are the same. The tracker does just that. It keeps track of every single computer that has a complete, or just a bit of any particular file so that other computers can connect to it in order to download it.
All bit torrent follows are required to have a tracker in order to initiate any of the downloads. And once again, once the downloads have already begun, the tracker is no longer actually needed.
When speaking about the tracker file, it does not necessarily a list the independent bits of the file, as it would with the BitTorrent client, in this case is the only maintains an index of the peers attached to the network. In either case, the use of bit torrent websites is very important to the entire peer-to-peer network, because not only do they offer a place for the tracker files to be stored, but they also offer a means of indexing the individual tracker files, so that one can search for the file that they are looking for.
There is also a new form of tracker, that is known as a private tracker. This particular form of a tracker is becoming popular among to corporate entities as a means to share files and other data between offices. This type of system is also utilized by certain that offer indexing services in exchange for a small fee, so that a particular file, although it may be found on other index sites, it would be capable of being downloaded faster due to the many users to pay for the service.
These private tracker is utilize a passkey that is required to be an intern in order to download the particular file.
Regardless of the type of tracker file, the biggest issue today with bit torrent clients, is that of distributing pirated material. There have been many cease-and-desist lawsuits over the past couple of years by the various copyright organizations around well. They target the index sites, that although they do not actually have or distribute the particular files in question, the ability to file a lawsuit against the many peers in the network is so overwhelming that they just go after the indexing services.
Too many innovations in the bit torrent protocol, the original concepts of the tracker have been improved. Initially the reliability of these particular trackers were in question due to the possibility of damaged torrent files, or due to the fact that some people purposely corrupted a particular piece of file so that when one uploads the file they may get a virus or unusable file.
One of the advances to help fight this corrupt data, is the use of multi-tracker torrents. In this case, a particular file may have multiple trackers, just in case one of the tracker files happens to fail or is unreachable.
One of the most popular peer-to-peer networks available today is that of the BitTorrent. This is a means of sharing various platforms of data from software to music and movies. This form of peer-to-peer is very popular throughout the college and university crowds around the world that is not very well liked by the various copyright authorities due to the increasing number of piracy.
This form of peer-to-peer network that is known as the BitTorrent, works by breaking the file in question into multiple smaller files, which allows a user to download multiple bits of information from various sources around the world. These torrents are free of any fees except for the very few websites which offer their torrents at a low price.
Although the BitTorrent style of peer-to-peer network became most popular starting around 2006, it was originally debuted in 2001 utilizing a Python language platform. This form a peer-to-peer network also does a great deal of screening to ensure that there is no ad aware or spyware in the files. The various websites throughout the Internet that offer the BitTorrent files also offer a place for users to comment as to whether or not the copy is worth downloading.
Due to the fact the file is separated into lots of little bits of information, and that you are able to download from multiple sources at the same exact moment, one’s ability to download a BitTorrent is faster, than to download directly from a website.
BitTorrent, unlike other peer-to-peer networks, there’s no need to subscribe to a company’s service. This network also relies on the ability for the other persons who have what’s known as a seed file to share their data stream. When I use the term, Seed, what I mean by this is, that it is a completely downloaded file. This system also punishes the various users who do not share their Seed, once they have completely downloaded it. This punishment is known as a Leech. One can become known as a Leech, by simply adjusting the uploads and downloads, so that they can download faster than others can upload. When they do this, their download speed is actually decreased until they allow others to access their Seed file.
This form of peer-to-peer network is also known as open source coding. What this means is that you should never have to buy the software. A simple search on the Internet for BitTorrent, will give you little lead thousands of sites to choose from, to download the BitTorrent software.
Every file that is turned into a BitTorrent, also has a tracking file that monitors who has what portion of each file. The program itself also uses a system in which it allows you to download the most on common bits of the file first; this is done in order to prevent bottlenecking in the file share.
Is this tracking device, or file, that is controlled by the various tracking servers on the BitTorrent network that can then choose to decide whether or not to allow you a faster way slower speed, based on your willingness to share the file in return. This entire network speed made free due to the fact that there is no website or server, from which you are downloading from, whether you are downloading the file you are requesting, and another personal computer somewhere throughout the world.
Move slider to take apart the iPhone and see its parts. Credit: Alastair Halliday
The Apple iPhone, the latest mobile craze, is revolutionary in both
design and technology. Whatever components can be found under its hood may
be considered jewels in every sense of the word. Suppliers of the
Apple iPhone parts are renowned manufacturers of semiconductor chips and
materials and are sure to have provided the latest and the best chips
available.
The first for the iPhone is its excellent use of multi-touch screening
that provides users with a new ergonomic feel in using a mobile phone.
This feature is the latest craze in the computing industry. Note that
there are even rumors that the next Operating System after Windows Vista
will also make available a multi-touch screen feature for use by
computer users. The Apple iPhone has two main circuit boards that make it
capable of being a communications as well as a multimedia device. Apple
strives to maintain its good image from its popular line of iPods and
attempts to integrate their top-of-the-line design as well on the iPhone.
What we can expect though, is that there are parts in the iPhone that
matches parts in the Apple line of iPods.
The Processing Power
The other circuit board of the iPhone houses the Central Processing
Unit or CPU of the iPhone as well as the memory chips that controls its
storage capacity. The Apple iPhone uses Apple’s OS X operating system but
a rather customized version for mobile.
Samsung Electronics Company is the one responsible for the
microprocessor, a mobile DDR SDRAM microprocessor of the iPhone. The CPU is based
upon an embedded core from ARM, the same company renowned for embedding
dedicated systems in cars, smart cards, handheld games and in other
applications where power is necessary.
Mobile Communication Features
A dedicated circuit board controls the communication features enabling
users to engage in services riding on GSM or Global System for Mobile,
the conventional telecommunications of voice and data services, and
EDGE or Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution, which basically connects
the subscriber to the Internet and making Internet-based services such as
MMS or Multimedia Messaging Service within easy reach of the phone
users. Infineon technologies, a Germany-based chipmaker is the one
responsible for the chips for mobile communications.
The iPhone currently provides no means for 3G mobile access. The 3G
communications is the latest mobile standard that commits higher data
rates enabling users to make video calls and video conferencing. This is a
potential risk for the successful marketing worldwide of the iPhone,
for instance, 3G network is already in use in most parts of Europe.
Networking Features
Marvell Technology Group Ltd, on the other hand, a Santa-Clara-based
chipmaker, is the one responsible for the 802.11 b/g chips that will let
iPhone users connect to the Internet via Wireless Fidelity or Wifi, one
o the wireless technologies to access the Internet. The 802.11 b and
802.11 g are standards that regulate the area coverage as well as
bandwidth capacity for Wifi.
A chip from Cambridge Silicon Radio Ltd, an England-based semiconductor
company, also provides Bluetooth 2.0 access to the iPhone. The latest
Bluetooth standard release is Bluetooth 2.1 while Bluetooth 3.0 that
enables faster data rates to iPhone, which means that if not improved,
the iPhone will soon be left behind in the Bluetooth technology.
Camera Features
The Apple iPhone also features a 2-megapixel camera as well as a photo
management application. Users will be able to synchronize their photo
library from the Mac or personal computer.
Largan Precision provided the camera lens for the iPhone while Altus
Technologies provided the camera module assembly. On the other hand,
Micron Technology, provided the CMOS Imager for the iPhone.
Storage Memory Capacity Features
Meanwhile, there are two flash memory chips that are manufactured for
iPhone, the NOR and NAND flash memory chips. These two are the major
flash semiconductor memories used in portable devices. The two are very
hard to distinguish from one another.
The NOR memory is the best in reading speed while the NAND memory is
known for its writing speed. Intel and Samsung Electronics Co., are both
responsible for the NOR and NAND flash memory chips, respectively. The
NOR wireless flash from Intel has 32 MB of NOR that is partnered with
16 MB of SRAM, which are used for the execution of code.
Power and Battery Management Features
The reason behind the non-inclusion of the 3G communications in the
iPhone is battery life. Apple claimed that introducing 3G early on have a
negative effect to the battery life by introducing additional heat.
This is a problem even though a power amplifier chip from Skyworks
Solutions, a Woburn, Massachusetts chip maker, can provide enhanced power to
the iPhone while a power management chip manufactured by Texas
Instruments can be used to balance power consumption of the iPhone.
Based from reviews, a standard Lithium-Ion battery for the iPhone
provides an estimated 5 hours of talk-time. On the other hand, based from
the executives of Apple, the battery can retain 80 % of its charging
capacity that will provide users about 6 hours of talk-time. This 6 hours
is advertised even after completing 400 depletion-and-recharge cycles.
Tracking User Movement For Ease of Display
The Apple iPhone uses an accelerometer, similar to the one used in the
Wii game console of Nintendo. Accelerometers are used to be able to
keep track of the movement of the user. Integrated sensors in the iPhone
will know if the phone is used horizontally or vertically, which then
tells the operating system to accordingly rotate the display. STMicro
supplies the accelerometer chip.
The Magic of the Touch Screen Display
The iPhone screen is made with an optical-quality glass unlike the
iPods that are made with scratch-prone plastic surface. Using a touch
screen display, the iPhone discards the use of Graphical User Interface
or GUI functions such as menu, pointer and the icon systems. There is
actually no need for a physical keyboard or buttons because a virtual
keyboard can be accessed through the screen. The use of two-fingered
actions to perform paired actions such as zoom in or out makes the iPhone
very user-friendly.
Balda, a German-based company, made the design for the touch-screen
display while Broadcom Corporation, an Irvine-based company, provided the
controller chip used to manage the touch-screen display. National
Semiconductor, on the other hand, designed the mobile pixel link LCD
interface, a device that serves as an interconnection from the circuit board
to the glass screen.
Comparison to the Apple iPod
There are a number of technical designs that are similar with their
iPod devices. This made the design of the iPhone easier because of the
familiarity with the interaction of the components. For instance, the 8
Gigabyte capacity of the NAND flash memory is comparable to the memory
capacity of the iPod nano. Users can store any kind of data such as
pictures, images, videos and songs.
Also, the audio codec chip from Wolfson Microelectronics, which is the
same chip used in the Apple iPod, is also present in the iPhone. This
provides assurance to the iPod fanatic users of the same sound quality
tradition in the iPhone.
Even some of the battery-related functions of the iPhone can be
compared to the iPod. Linear Technology Corporation, a Milpitas-based
chipmaker supplies the same battery charger chip for the iPhone.
Apple’s iPhone is revolutionary but deep down inside, it uses the same
electronic components and batteries that powers an ordinary smart
phone. What makes it revolutionary in its own way is the design and
integration of various components from different technical suppliers to come-up
with a phone that not only promises state-of-the-art designs, but
functionalities as well.
